Description

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal viral disease affecting cats worldwide. Caused by a mutated coronavirus (FCoV), FIP manifests in two distinct forms: wet and dry. While both are ultimately lethal without intervention, they present with different clinical signs. This description aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of FIP, its diagnosis, and emerging treatment options. Please note: This is informational only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult a veterinarian immediately if you suspect your cat has FIP.

Understanding the Disease:

• Etiology: FIP is caused by the feline coronavirus (FCoV), specifically a mutated strain that causes systemic infection. Most cats exposed to FCoV will develop a mild, self-limiting infection, but a small percentage will develop FIP. The exact mechanism of mutation and progression to FIP is not fully understood.
• Two Forms of FIP:
  • Wet FIP (effusive FIP): Characterized by fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) and/or chest (pleural effusion). Cats with wet FIP typically exhibit lethargy, weight loss, abdominal distension, and difficulty breathing.
  • Dry FIP (non-effusive FIP): This form lacks significant fluid buildup. Symptoms can be more varied and subtle, including fever, weight loss, jaundice, anorexia, neurological signs (ataxia, blindness), and pyogranulomatous lesions in various organs.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis is challenging and often requires a combination of tests, including:
  • Complete blood count (CBC): To assess inflammation and organ function.
  • Biochemistry profile: To evaluate organ damage.
  • Abdominal/thoracic ultrasound: To visualize fluid accumulation and organ changes.
  • Feline coronavirus antibody test: Detects antibodies to FCoV, but doesn't differentiate between FIP and benign FCoV infection.
  • PCR testing: Detects FCoV RNA in body fluids, providing more definitive evidence of FIP.
  • Fluid analysis (for wet FIP): Examination of ascitic or pleural fluid to look for characteristic changes.

Treatment:

Historically, FIP was considered incurable. However, recent advancements have led to the development of novel antiviral treatments, significantly improving prognosis and survival rates in many cats. These treatments are typically administered through daily injections and require close monitoring by a veterinarian. Treatment success rates vary depending on factors such as the stage of the disease, form of FIP, and individual cat response.

• GS-441524 (and related analogs): These drugs are the most widely known and studied treatments for FIP. They are generally well tolerated, but potential side effects may occur.

Prognosis:

While FIP remains a serious disease, early diagnosis and treatment with new antiviral medications have dramatically improved outcomes. The prognosis is better for cats diagnosed and treated early in the disease process. However, even with treatment, complete recovery is not always guaranteed.