Description

Sulphuric Acid: A Versatile Industrial Chemical

Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. Its significance in modern manufacturing is undeniable, making it one of the most important chemicals produced globally. This description details its key properties, uses, and safety considerations.

Chemical Properties:

• Formula: H₂SO₄
• Molar Mass: 98.08 g/mol
• Appearance: Colorless to slightly yellow, oily liquid (concentration dependent)
• Density: Approximately 1.84 g/cm³ (concentrated)
• Boiling Point: 337 °C (639 °F) (decomposes above this temperature)
• Melting Point: 10 °C (50 °F) (for 100% concentration; freezing point varies with concentration)
• Solubility: Miscible with water (highly exothermic reaction!)
• Acidity: Extremely strong acid; readily donates protons (H⁺ ions)

Applications:

Sulphuric acid's versatility stems from its strong acidic and dehydrating properties. Key applications include:

• Fertilizer Production: The largest single use of sulphuric acid is in the production of phosphate fertilizers, such as superphosphate and ammonium phosphate. It reacts with phosphate rock to make phosphoric acid, a key ingredient in these fertilizers.
• Chemical Processing: Used extensively in various chemical processes, including the production of other chemicals (e.g., hydrochloric acid, nitric acid), detergents, dyes, and plastics. It acts as a catalyst, dehydrating agent, and reactant.
• Petroleum Refining: Used in the alkylation process to produce high-octane gasoline components. Also employed in the cleaning and desulfurization of petroleum products.
• Metal Processing: Used in pickling (cleaning) of steel and other metals to remove oxides and scale.
• Battery Manufacturing: A crucial component of lead-acid batteries, providing the electrolyte that facilitates the electrochemical reactions.
• Textile Industry: Used in the processing of textiles, such as cleaning, dyeing, and finishing.
• Other Applications: Found in drain cleaners, as a desiccant (drying agent), in various industrial cleaning processes, and in wastewater treatment.

Safety Precautions:

Sulphuric acid is extremely hazardous and requires careful handling. Direct contact can cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Inhalation of mists or vapors can irritate the respiratory tract. Always follow these safety precautions:

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves (chemical-resistant), eye protection (goggles or face shield), and protective clothing (lab coat, apron). Respiratory protection may be necessary depending on the concentration and exposure.
• Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation to minimize exposure to fumes.
• Storage: Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible materials (e.g., oxidizers, metals).
• Handling: Handle with extreme care; avoid splashing or spills.
• Emergency Procedures: Have appropriate emergency response procedures and safety showers readily available in case of accidental exposure.
• Disposal: Dispose of according to local regulations; never pour down the drain.

Important Note: This information is for general knowledge and should not be considered exhaustive. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the specific product you are using for detailed safety and handling instructions. Proper training and adherence to safety procedures are crucial when working with sulphuric acid.